A canyon is a steep drop of land which is probably caused by natural mechanism such as great hollow under the soil, tectonic or abrasion by water. Canyon are known to exist in United States and in Indonesia, precisely on the island of Sumatra near the city of Bukit Tinggi, Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal, and Carpetee valley in Australia. Grand Canyon in Colorado is said to have been carved by the water of Colorado river including its tributaries for thousand of years, it was quoted that geologists estimate since 17 million years ago. The canyon has length of 446 kms and width varies among 6.4 to 29 kms with a depth of 1.83 kms. The area of this canyon has been protected by the government as the first national park in United States and was started by President Theodore Roosevelt.

The canyon in Colorado has a unique character because it exposes various layers of geological process besides its overwhelming size and beautiful panorama created by the natural shape of the canyon. The beauty of this canyon has attracted big number of tourists to enjoy this wonder of the nature. This geological layers give information of the date of the canyon. Recent studies has placed the canyon at the age of 5 to 6 million years ago by uranium lead dating analysis of the calcite deposit. This new suggestion indeed arising such a great controversy to the previous scientific consensus of the canyon history. It is said also the Colorado Plateau underwent an uplift of 1500 to 3000 meters above sea level, which lead to an assumption that the canyon was formed below sea level. The uplift had caused the elevation of the river increasing the making of the speed of water also increases. With strong and fast stream the water erodes the river rock bed. The ice age also supplied over volume of water which also increased the power of cutting the rock bed faster and deeper.

The first people to inhabit the area of Grand Canyon is known as the Indian Pueblo or the Navajo. Archaeologists also cite the name of Anasazi meaning " Ancient Ones" or " Ancient Enemy". This terminology is not good for the Pueblo people, although it is believed by science that the current Pueblo people is the direct descendant of the ancient Pueblo which is supposed to have already emerged in 1.200 BC. Other separate cultures found around Grand Canyon area are The Cohonina the ancestor of the current Yuman, Havasupai, and Walapai people that inhabit the west area until today. This people is supposed to have been inhabiting the west of Grand Canyon since 500 to 1500 BC. The Sinagua Indian which is supposed as the ancestor of the Hopi clans reside the southeast of Grand Canyon from 500 to 1425 AD.

History of exploration toward the Grand Canyon disclosed that this place has been very interesting ever since the European arrival on the continent. Started by Spanish Captain Garcia Lopez de Cardenas in 1540 to search for the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola, Fathers Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante in 1776 to search for route to California, in 1776 also, Fray Francisco Garces, a Franciscan missionary, spent a week near Havasupai, unsuccessfully attempting to convert a band of Native Americans to Christianity. After this various expedition were done to Grand Canyon both as the naturalists or scientific missions including the establishment of various places as the research and tourism facilities.The Grand Canyon is covered by snow season with the variety between 37.8^oC to minus 17.8^oC. Visitors are warned of the extreme condition that can causing dehydration, hypothermia, and sunburn.

Here is the copy of travel guide from Wikipedia.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon
Aside from casual sightseeing from the South Rim (averaging 7,000 feet [2,100 m] above sea level), rafting, hiking, running and helicopter tours are especially popular. In October 2010 the North Rim is the host to an ultramarathon. The Grand Canyon Ultra Marathon is a 78-mile (126 km) race over 24 hours. The floor of the valley is accessible by foot, muleback, or by boat or raft from upriver. Hiking down to the river and back up to the rim in one day is discouraged by park officials because of the distance, steep and rocky trails, change in elevation, and danger of heat exhaustion from the much higher temperatures at the bottom. Rescues are required annually of unsuccessful rim-to-river-to-rim travelers. Nevertheless, hundreds of fit and experienced hikers complete the trip every year.

Camping on the North and South Rims is generally restricted to established campgrounds and reservations are highly recommended, especially at the busier South Rim. There is at large camping available along many parts of the North Rim managed by Kaibab National Forest. Keep in mind North Rim campsites are only open seasonally due to road closures from weather and winter snowpack. All overnight camping below the rim requires a backcountry permit from the Backcountry Country Office (BCO). Each year Grand Canyon National Park receives approximately 30,000 requests for backcountry permits. The park issues 13,000 permits, and close to 40,000 people camp overnight. The earliest a permit application is accepted is the first of the month, four months before the proposed start month. Applying as soon as allowed will improve your chances of obtaining an overnight backcountry use permit for the dates of your choice. If you are unable to secure a permit from the Grand Canyon Backcountry Office, or you are not comfortable hiking the Canyon on your own you can go with a professional guide.

Tourists wishing for a more vertical perspective can board helicopters and small airplanes in Las Vegas, Phoenix and Grand Canyon National Park Airport (seven miles from the South Rim) for canyon flyovers. Scenic flights are no longer allowed to fly within 1500 feet of the rim within the national park because of a late 1990s crash. Maverick Helicopter offers a tour that descends and lands 3,500 feet into the Grand Canyon in Hualapai Indian Territory. The last aerial video footage from below the rim was filmed in 1984. However, some helicopter flights land on the Havasupai and Hualapai Indian Reservations within Grand Canyon (outside of the park boundaries). Recently, the Hualapai Tribe opened the glass-bottomed Grand Canyon Skywalk on their property, Grand Canyon West. The Skywalk has seen mixed reviews since the site is only accessible by driving down a 14-mile (23 km) dirt road, costs a minimum of $85 in total for reservation fees, a tour package and admission to the Skywalk itself and the fact that cameras or other personal equipment are not permitted on the Skywalk at any time due to the hazard of damaging the glass if dropped. The Skywalk is some 24 miles (39 km) west of Grand Canyon Village at the South Rim. Some people mistake the area of Hermit's Rest as the location of the Skywalk.

Viewing the canyon
A 6 minute video of a flight over the Grand Canyon (view in high quality) Lipan Point is a promontory located on the South Rim. This point is located to the east of the Grand Canyon Village along the Desert View Drive. There is a parking lot for visitors who care to drive along with the Canyon's bus service that routinely stops at the point. The trailhead to the Tanner Trail is located just before the parking lot. The view from Lipan Point shows a wide array of rock strata and the Unkar Creek area in the inner canyon.

The canyon can be seen from the Toroweap (or Tuweep) Overlook situated 3000 vertical feet above the Colorado River, about 50 miles downriver from the South Rim and 70 upriver from the Grand Canyon Skywalk. This region - "one of the most remote in the United States" according to the National Park Service - is reached only by one of three lengthy dirt tracks beginning in from St. George, Utah, Colorado City or near Pipe Spring National Monument (both in Arizona). Each road traverses wild, uninhabited land for 97, 62 and 64 miles respectively. The Park Service manages the area for primitive value with minimal improvements and services.

Grand Canyon fatalities
Grand Canyon rescue Helicopter, 1978About 600 deaths have occurred in the Grand Canyon since the 1870s. Some of these deaths occurred as the result of overly zealous photographic endeavors, some were the result of airplane collisions within the canyon, and some visitors drowned in the Colorado River. Many hikers overestimate their fitness level, become dehydrated and confused, and must be rescued. The Park Service now posts a picture of an attractive and fit young man at several trailheads with the caption "Every year we rescue hundreds of people from the Canyon. Most of them look like him", in an attempt to discourage hikers from feats which are beyond their abilities.

Of the fatalities, 53 have resulted from falls; 65 deaths were attributable to environmental causes, including heat stroke, cardiac arrest, dehydration, and hypothermia; 7 were caught in flash floods; 79 were drowned in the Colorado River; 242 perished in airplane and helicopter crashes (128 of them in the 1956 disaster mentioned below); 25 died in freak errors and accidents, including lightning strikes and rock falls; 48 committed suicide; and 23 were the victims of homicides.

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