The name of Banten
is probably the most productive word in the daily life of Balinese traditional mothers
or house wives, both in the villages or in the bustling cities. The existence of
Banten in the life of Balinese has been so preponderant on the religious practices.
It looks on physical appearance that Hindu in Bali is a ritual not a religion.
Based on the various manuscripts originated from 16th to 18th century the influence
of the myth has been so great in the life of religion. Here are some type of Banten
so far mostly made by the Hindu families for the ritual. Actually, the priest and
their followers such as " tukang banten " or banten makers have developed the
variety of it at almost unlimited types and shapes. From unlimited creation of
complex young coconut leaves, cookies, plants, meat cooking, and bamboo works.
The use of various flowers is determinant on every type of Banten. A simple explanation
about banten is a symbolic offering of human being to the gods and nether world
with arrangement as much as beautiful appearance can be made. So from this definition
writer believed that the unlimited variations born. Unable to explain each symbol,
the tukang banten must have made every effort to give meaning to the symbol. That
is why from one another there is no common consent concerning the meaning of the symbols,
even no agreement about its very known name inherited from the past. It was possible that in the past
that art elements made to make festive rituals later symbolized. The customs of symbolizing instead
of looking logical basis to the rituals has caused not small difficulties for Balinese in maintaining
the island of Bali.
In the complexity, disoriented varying of banten a foundation
in Denpasar made an effort to give a somewhat standard
reference for every one to make offering. They wrote
the following type and detail of banten.Canang
is made of palm leave flower, and perfume which a medium
to worship and implore to the god of well being. Canang
is
considered the most simple offering. Canang can be
divided into various types. ( a ) Canang Sari is a composition
of coconut leave made in round tray filled with betel
leave, cake, sugar cane, banana, white - red - blue
- flowers with the slices of pandanus leaves and perfume.
( b ) Canang Genten, is the same as canang sari with
additional banana called gold banana, red and white
porridge and more cakes. ( c ) Canang Payasan or Pasucian,
is the symbol of purification, ( d ) Canang Gantal,
the use is not clear but much depends on the opinion
of tukang banten. ( e ) Canang Pengrawos, usually used
during a discussion to decide important matters ( f
) Canang Tubungan is used during the ritual of fetching,
there is a belief that the ancestors staying some
where and when a family moved their house, they also
bring together their ancestors to the new place. ( g
) Canang Raka, is the same as canang sari, with the
content of 5 kind of fruits, used as symbolic
purification. ( h ) Canang Tadah Sukla, which is filled
with seeds and rhizomes, used for the ritual of ngaben,
and ritual to the god of the sun ( i ) Canang Pengengkab,
used for the ritual of gong, traditional music instruments,
and some sacred dances. ( j ) Canang Sarawati, used
during the ritual of symbolic of requesting knowledge
to the goddess of Saraswati.
A manuscript named " Tutur Sang Hyang Tapeni " even
describing the structure of a banten as having 3 parts
or " tri angga ". Main part, middle part, and small
part, and also have 8 parts which taking the comparison
of human body, it is made an analogy from the part of
human body such as head, right and left breast, two
hands, stomach, and 2 legs. Some component of human
body such as internal parts of heart, lunge, cardiac,
and others are translated into the form of banten named
" dapetan ". It is said that there are 7 worlds ( influence from Buddhist ) and
7 psyches witch turns into 3 worlds and 3 psyches also
translated into composition of banten. This has made
a complex types of banten composition with tumpeng (
conical rice ) from 7 tumpeng to 33 tumpengs ( un even
number ). No source that can explain the basic philosophy
of
this complex structure of the banten except explanation
that sounds unrelated and not understood by normal reason.
Another complex composition of banten is called " Suci ". According to above manuscript
the meaning of banten suci is the symbol of creation. Symbolized by the meeting
between lingga and yoni the symbols of man and woman or more abstraction about cosmogony
the creation of the universe. It is said after the creation the god manifested in
the place ( ista dewata ). So it is various life and non life objects can be found
on the universe. This has been tried to make on miniature of a banten suci, in
which main aspects are symbolized with a form made by rice powder made into hard
porridge, formed into various type of complex cakes like Japanese kan-ji. Some
of these forms can be mentioned here such as flower of rhizome, shell, lizard,
and various attributes of gods depicted in Indian book of sectarian Hindu, especially
the arms specific to every manifestation of god. According to the manuscript
the purpose of banten suci are to keep the people making the ritual and worship
the god, and one way to worshipping is making banten suci, as the appreciation of the
god and as thanks expression for the creation of the universe, so human beings
can ameliorate their quality of life including their next life, to give the chance
for those illiterate and having incomplete senses to worship the god through the
symbols put in the banten suci.
Reading a manuscript or any of its translation like
entering a strange world, where logic, concepts and
practices are some things that look unrelated, one object
appears on various names probably meant to be used at
other practice, yet no difference can really be understood.
It is by no means possible to draw a simple and palpable
understanding of the multifarious types and forms of
banten itself. It was most probable that the great variety
and inconsistency of the shape, content and use of each
subject might have been influenced by the three things;
first is the tukang banten that is using her ( mostly
women ) initiative interpretation to the situation which
often claim as the revelation of supra natural presages,
second the tradition of each area, although it is separated
only by short distance but the traditional affinity
formed a type of secluded area in which free interpretation
can be done. Third is also possible with the existence
of the attitude that if not exactly as what might be
or alternative symbol may be in place. So with these
three ways of thinking has made the complexity of the
banten will continue to exist. This is worsened also
by the fact that priest do not know exactly the philosophy
of banten itself, they do not know between philosophy
and myth, art and true symbols. It was most probable
the complexity of the form was originated from the spirit
of aesthetic of Balinese that whenever an event be conducted
it must also be festive in nature not less important
is to manipulate the environment which can arise certain
feeling of piety. |